Civil Pooch - Positive Dog Training by John Buginas, San Francisco Bay Area

There are four consequences for behavior.

• You can give something good - give a praise or treat
• Take away something good - deny a praise or treat
• Remove something bad  - stop pain or discomfort  - as in use of relaxing a choke chain
• Give something bad - apply pain - as in snapping a choke or using a shock collar

Most positive trainers use the first two techniques and avoid using the last two. 

All four methods work.  All four have plusses and minuses.